Showing posts with label Essay 論文. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Essay 論文. Show all posts

November 25, 2009

Preface: The Turbulent Voyages of Vengeance / Dr. Esther M. K. Cheung

When you leaf through the following pages of this year’s Comparative Literature Bulletin, you will see how the spirit of revenge has gone through many forms of metamorphosis. From the ancient Hellenic view of divine retribution to contemporary popular modes of vengeance, stories of revenge engage their readers/viewers as much as they consume their creators. Acts of revenge probably embody the strongest emotions ever known to humans; desires of revenge produce a complex matrix of affects where envy, jealousy, indignation, hatred, and love are intertwined with each other.

沒有人問正義和公理的問題──論李維怡小說集《行路難》裡公義倫理的探詢 / 盧勁馳

引言
要談仇恨和政治的關係,國外都有很多關於忌恨政治 (politic of resentment) 的討論,主要指出了社會上的族群衝突,都建立在一種召喚種族認同的情感結構裡,喜歡想象自己是受害者,他人為加害者,藉此建立穩固的族群身份。如台灣學者趙剛有一書名為 《告別妒恨》,正好分析出這種邏輯如何支配著台灣的省籍對立問題,如何令民主社會的發展停滯不前。妒恨政治的最大問題,在於令反抗政治落入了一種復仇的欲望結構之中,沒有好好處理歷史的創口,往往藉著受害者的名義,向其他的社群施以更大的暴力。

每次讀到這種對於復仇政治的分析,都感到一份陌生感,香港的政治不是沒有暴力,只是暴力很少來自受害社群的反撲,在媒體上的少數族裔、新來港人士、性工作者、邊緣少年或受重建影響的街坊,往往只是一面倒地受到各種社會政策文化機制的傷害,在未及把受害提升為反抗政治的資源以前,早就給穩定壓到一切的主流意見河蟹過去。於是,復仇只是一點小眉小眼的個體情感,或許只有一點點的妒恨,甚至妒恨都不是。

復仇之花 / 潘國靈

開筆寫這篇文章前,本想看看杜琪峰最新作品《復仇》,不料上映不久便淡出各大院線。但想想,如果不那麼「名正言順」的話,近作《竊聽風雲》(古天樂最後變身半人半機械般駕車衝過斷橋與王敏德同歸於盡)、《希魔撞正殺人狂》等,也包含「復仇」元素。沒正式統計,主觀印象,近年復仇主題在世界影壇也頗領風騷。

近年的復仇電影
韓國朴贊郁的「復仇三部曲」(《復仇》、《原罪犯》、《親切的金子》)揚名海外,在影像中燃起一片極盡暴烈的復仇火海。電影怪傑昆倫.塔倫天奴的「新娘復仇記」《標殺令》、《標殺令2》拍出奇詭暴力美學,新作《希魔撞正殺人狂》題材風格有別,但貫徹其中的仍有「復仇」母題,逃過納粹追殺的少女,後經營戲院,一把大火把看宣傳片首映的德軍燒清光與菲林同葬。

Inauthenticity of Revenge in Hamlet and Chronicle of a Death Foretold / Dr. Paul Kong

Revenge, etymologically, is from the Old French word vengier, meaning to claim, set free or punish, and the prefix ‘re’ stresses the direction – it’s a reaction targeting ‘back’ to the causer. In other words, ‘revenge’ means the setting free of a desire to inflict punishment in return (usually for injury or insult).

This desire for revenge can easily be noticed in Shakespeare’s Hamlet and García Márquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold. The unjust act, in the former is the murder of Old Hamlet by his brother Claudius, and in the latter is the deflowering of Angela Vicario, which is discovered on the night of her wedding. Hamlet reacts to this by killing Claudius and in a like manner, Angela’s twin brothers, Pedro and Pablo respond to the injury inflicted upon their sister by killing Santiago Nasar, a person named by her when she is pressed as to who the ‘real’ perpetrator is. The irrationality of Pedro and Pablo’s revenge is conspicuous while the one of Hamlet is rather subtle (and this begs a thorough scrutiny in the future). But one commonality regarding the revenge in these two texts is that the act of revenge is carried out on behalf of the victim. This means in these two texts, the avenger acts in the name of, or as the agent of the victim, rather than being the victim himself or herself. This is a reaction by means of substitution – the avenger substituting the victim in inflicting the punishment upon the avenged. In other words, this is a revenge done in the form of substitution for an ‘other’. This other, on one level, is the victim deemed dear and valuable to the avenger. But on a collective and metaphorical level, this sense of the ‘other’ can refer to what Heidegger calls ‘they-hood’, which is present in the ‘they-self’ in each of us.

沒復仇電影的仇 / 皮亞

杜琪峰的電影《復仇》,做了香港、澳門、法國三地文化的紅娘,導演手法保持現代武俠風格,場景設置也富獨特的異國風情,不過較為令人失望的,是沒有拍出三地文化的差異。法籍男主角Johnny Hallyday 年輕時也是殺手,他堅信在酒店偶然碰上的「陌生人」,由黃秋生率領的三人殺手組織,會為他執行殺人任務;同一時間黃秋生等人都「法國佬」的底細也從無過問,難道真是四海之內皆兄弟,有錢使得鬼推磨?當然我們未當過殺手,不知「行內人」如何交易,特別是當黃秋生等殺手,得知最後要殺的主腦,原來就是自己經常合作的黑幫老闆任達華的時候,仍然捨命為陌生的法國佬服務,與黑幫老闆,即是與「自己人」火拼,情操上也就超越了金錢交易的關係(片中也沒有特別強調黃秋生等人被一筆非常巨大的獎金吸引),換句話說,黃秋生等人在執行任務的過程中,與法國佬發生了超越金錢交易的友誼關係,即時武俠片中惺惺相惜的男性情義。更有理由相信,黃秋生等殺手是同情Johnny Hallyday 女兒一家被殺,連孩子也不放過。但吊詭的是,任達華也透露下令殺手追殺的,只是與己有恩怨的男人和女人而己(即Johnny Hallyday 的女兒和丈夫),但執行任務的殺手因為不慎被躲藏的孩子目睹相貌,便毫不猶疑殺人滅口。

《復仇》與復仇 / Winnie Yee

復仇的故事從來不缺,不論中外故事或電影橋段,比比皆是。需要解釋的是,原因何在?為什麼需要復仇?是因為社會上的不公義總不能被解決,又或是人心險惡,世途多難,生存與仇恨本是互為而生?

復仇往往是倖存者的生命動力,也是揭示正邪對立的手段。因此復仇故事往往帶有兩個重要的任命:取回公義、懲罰壞人(Simkin, 26)。一般的故事更是透過復仇的過程,進而探究復仇者內心的狀態和其意識的流動。莎士比亞(WilliamShakespeare)的哈雷姆特《Hamlet 》(1601)便是當中的最佳代表。有了復仇的使命,配上復仇過程中的掙扎,讀者或觀眾便有了思考的空間及時間,逐步代入復仇者的思想歷程,理解並開始認同復仇的迫不得已或其合理性。當然,復仇的使命往往帶出更迫切的思考據點:命運之不可改變,復仇本是不能擺脫的宿命。

Trauma Revisited / Eliza Man-yee Lau

The vision of a world in peace is not only possible, but that it begins here, begins now, with each one of us, looking deeply within, and honoring our limitless potential.
──Sogyal Rinpoche, the author of The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying
A wound can be either physical or psychological. And as far as healing is concerned, psychological wounds are far more complex and difficult to deal with. Medical science has enabled man to assess the extent of damage to the body and to prescribe appropriate measures of cure accurately and in sophisticated ways. However, with regard to psychological traumas, scientists and psychiatric practitioners are still struggling with how such traumas could be properly understood, let alone prescribing appropriate treatment measures or remedy. In the book Trauma: Explorations in Memory, Cathy Caruth wrote:

Preface: The Punch Line in Culture / Dr. Esther M. K. Cheung

Comedy culture is an essential part of any society, just as laughter is an essential part of our everyday life. We laugh during festive times, we laugh on our way to work. We laugh at home, we laugh in the Cultural Centre. We consume so as to laugh, we laugh so as to be consumed. We laugh when the jester falters, we laugh when the festoon cries. We desire the punch line, we forget the punch line. We laugh to “death,” we laugh to be reborn. The comic sees its power in conflicts, incongruities, absurdities, ironic twists and opposites.

With the cinematic trope, Charlie Chaplin once articulated comedy from a temporal point of view, “Life is a tragedy when seen in close-up, but a comedy in a long-shot.” No doubt time changes our perspective of what tragedy and comedy mean. In our own blunders and in life’s many hardships, however, do we not visualize the tragic and the comic as an indestructible pair? Is life not a photograph of double exposure with one image superimposed upon another? Does the tragic not see its own ghostly other in the comic, and vice versa?

喜劇之王的迷失 / 清心

最初接到香港大學比較文學學會邀請撰寫這篇關於「喜劇文化」的文章,心想:談香港的喜劇文化,現在,是一個good timing 嗎?後來知道,原來這是配合學會最近一次文學節的主題。

回顧八、九十年代主導港產電影巿場的兩大片種,的確曾經:一、是動作片(包括英雄片、黑社會或警匪片)。這已構成「港產片」品牌的一部份。二、就是喜劇。而且是獨特的、有著濃厚香港本土文化特色的喜劇。很多時候,喜劇也與賭片和家庭倫理片cross-over,成為香港民間習俗的一環;和我們小時候每每在農曆新年都要進行的一個「儀式」:看「賀歲片」。但隨著香港電影踏入2000 年後整個行業景氣低迷,連整體產量都大大降低了。香港獨有品牌的喜劇,也似乎是消失了。

其實,八、九十年代,香港是崛起了一位仿似從天而降、不依門派章法、恰如他自己就演過的賭聖一般有著「特異功能」、憑藉的是「個人魅力」的喜劇之王──周星馳。然而,也眾所周知,周生早又已不甘於只作為喜劇之王。他早已不只是一位喜劇演員,而是導演。而且是要做一個「偉大」的導演,一個世界級的電影大師。當你已經「成功」,你就要成為「偉大」。自 《少林足球》 以來,周氏已是有意識地降低他本人作為個人魅力的演員──觀眾入場都只是為了看星爺──的重要性。2001 年的 《少林足球》 由陣容到故事結構都十分強調teamwork。事實上,這部作品也做到了──成功地塑造了各師兄弟成為經典的、令人難忘而獨當一面的人物。在這道路上,《少林足球》 可說是成功的。到了2004 年的 《功夫》,阿星的角色已經比較抽空,雖然是「萬中無一的絕世高手」,但阿星比較 fiction。不是漫畫。是「卡通」。漫畫也比較有自己的血肉和立體的個性。

漫談「黑色喜劇」 / 馮偉才

魯迅在 《再論雷峰塔的倒掉》 一文中說:『悲劇將人生的有價值的東西毀滅給人看,喜劇將那無價值的撕破給人看。』(見 《墳》)道出了喜劇的意義。所以我們在 《狂人日記》 和 《阿Q 正傳》 中,看到不少充滿喜劇元素的情節和對話,但同時這些情節和對話又總是讓我們笑中有淚──魯迅就是這樣用喜劇手法把中國封建禮教和中國人劣根性的假面撕破,並且為中國現代短篇小說創下了輝煌的成就。

魯迅寫 《狂人日記》 和 《阿Q 正傳》 時,外國文學理論還沒有出現「黑色喜劇」這個名詞,但這兩篇小說的黑色喜劇成份,今天看來仍然甚具「時代感」。不信?看看周星馳不少逗人發笑的角色,不是都有著阿Q 的影子嗎?在「喜劇」前面冠上「黑色」二字,當然是不同於一般的喜劇。簡單的說,那些讓你看完深思人生意義、社會和文化等問題,以及反省自身存在意義和價值的喜劇,都可以稱作黑色喜劇。

The Festive Double: Reading the Image of Home in the Chinese New Year Films by Jeff Lau and Wong Kar-wai / Dr. Fiona Yuk-wa Law

New Year is a time for fun; it is also the time to plan ahead what one should do in the near future. Chinese New Year is a time both for fun and resuming the Chinese tradition passed on us from the ancestors. In addition to enjoying a variety of food, having a few days’ holiday and paying annual visit to relatives and friends, going to the movie-theatre to watch a spectacular blockbuster or farcical comedy is one of the most popular family activities during this important holiday, especially during the last decades when shops did not open during the Chinese New Year. This is also the time when bunches of local-made Chinese New Year films, or hesuipian (賀歲片), are shown. Laughter and happiness are the objectives of making and watching the Chinese New Year films in the local society. In this paper, I am going to look at what is beyond the laughter and emotional uplifting. I would suggest that the image of home and the homecoming motif are the hidden or unconscious agendas that local audiences have been seeking in their watching experience. In the context of Hong Kong, such a collective film-watching experience in this specific festive time has generated an imagined Chineseness that is persistent in helping to construct a cultural identity, especially before 1997. While I had in other occasions focused on the articulations of Chineseness, here I am framing my presentation on the image of home in the films by Jeff Lau and Wong Kar-wai.[1]

所謂小丑 / 馬然

在一個懶洋洋冬日下午的馬德里,蹣跚著陳列演出陣容的馬戲團在多少有些破敗的鬥牛場內爲了取悅小孩與他們的家人而賣力演出,因為已經到場的關係,即使有些為難,我依然決定留下。本料想演出的內容無甚新鮮,無非是那些馴獸的俗套和插科打諢的把戲 . . . 卻最終因年老小丑的努力耍寶而感動落淚,他們的表演是否爐火純青已不重要,在這面老舊的大蓬下,馬戲團為所有的觀眾隔離出一面與現實悖反的時空之牆。小丑們用一種天真卻愚鈍著的方式呈現他對世界的最荒誕也是最樸素的理解,在那些極盡誇張的肢體表演中,在所有嘲弄與被嘲弄的橋段之間,小丑用他的劇烈或是極端將自視甚高的我們所不為人知的那部分放大呈現,而這場表演的終極觀眾,已經不再僅是那些孩子,也應當包括滄桑成長著的大人。

喜劇與悲劇,一岸之隔 / 潘國靈


電影這門藝術,也許從一開始就是一場把戲。「把戲」的意思是:以假亂真、製造幻象、錯覺,去除夢與真實的邊緣,最後甚至去到費尼里那句名言的境界:『夢是唯一的真實。』

「把戲」之一,少不了是孩童式的、無傷大雅的惡作劇。我們回到「電影之父」盧米埃兄弟(Lumière Brothers)一八九五年的 《Watering the Gardener》:一個男孩踏著園丁在花園中澆水的軟管,水流停頓,園丁不知所解,對著噴嘴查看,這時,男孩從軟管中踏下來,園丁當頭給灑至一身濕透。非常簡單的片段,把觀眾逗得哈哈大笑,成了電影史上第一部喜劇短片。值得注意的是,跟盧米埃兄弟同期拍的實況短片不同,如拍攝工人上班、火車到站──基本上就是以攝影鏡頭如實紀錄即場生活片段 (設下了後來寫實電影的基調),《Watering the Gardener》 的喜劇場景,是第一次經過設計的場面調度。另一個電影先行者──魔術師出身的梅禮葉 (Georges Méliès),則致力為電影注入不少魔幻視覺效果,以動態攝影來製造魔術幻覺,其中不少有趣鏡頭,如 《月球之旅》(Le Voyage dans la Lune)那張給畫了笑臉的月亮,也充滿了喜劇元素。

喜劇電影「得啖笑」 / 蕭恒

叫我說香港喜劇電影,我腦裡浮現出來的,竟然還是九十年代周星馳的 《國產凌凌漆》 與 《大內密探零零發》。近年的喜劇電影,沒有多少齣留下深刻印象。就算是周星馳近年的 《少林足球》、《功夫》 等,都只是不覺得特別好笑。

世界上到底有沒有 universal jokes? 或許有,但我未聽過。Inside jokes 總是最好笑的笑話,但離開了小圈子,外人無從笑起。同理,好笑的喜劇離開了本土,外國人未必懂得笑,最多只是「得啖笑」。笑話十之八九政治不正確,引了一些人發笑也會引起一些人人反感──只是比例多少的問題。

2008年比較文學節—專題展覽 / 香港大學比較文學學會

每年比較文學學會也會就特定主題,舉行比較文學節,包括了開幕典禮、電影播放、專題展覽和座談會等不同活動。而每年的學報,也多以比較文學節的主題來準備,探討有關比較文學的題目。本年,比較文學學會選取了「搏盡諗笑料,真喺得啖笑?」為主題,特此在本學報收錄了本年比較文學節專題展覽的內容。

簡介
説起喜劇,許多人會立刻想起銀幕上,一幕幕詼諧的情節。很多故事也會滲透喜劇元素:動作片、恐怖片、愛情片等。但所謂喜劇,不止包括電影,更可以是電視劇、舞台劇、棟篤笑等,因此我們難以為喜劇下定義。

然而,喜劇的原意,是否只為讓你捧腹大笑那樣簡單?究竟為甚麼喜劇會令你笑?當你笑的同時,是否每人也認為可笑?本土文化和歷史背景跟喜劇又有何關係?